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​获奖速递 | 我院学生作品斩获国际ASLA学生竞赛综合设计类最高荣誉

近日，一年一度的美国风景园林师协会（ASLA）揭晓了2023 ASLA学生奖，共有30个项目从全球372个项目中脱颖而出获奖。其中，上海交通大学设计学院风景园林专业硕士生姜宇馨、胡莹婕参与的作品《亚诺玛米人权利的恢复：植物矩阵治理汞污染》（Reviving Yanomami Rights: Plant Matrix for Mercury Management）获得综合设计类最高荣誉——卓越奖。

获奖页面

作品名称：

亚诺玛米人权利的恢复：植物矩阵治理汞污染

Reviving Yanomami Rights: Plant Matrix for Mercury Management

参与学生：

姜宇馨，桂唯，颜郑菲，胡莹婕，万芸杉，杨史前

指导老师：

李存东

获奖类别：

综合设计类：卓越奖

General Design Category：Award of Excellence

作品简介：

巴西长久以来的的非法手工采矿业所产生的重金属给当地土著居民及城市居民带来了巨大的影响，其中以小规模采金业过程中产生的汞污染为主，引发了一系列生态问题及当地土著居民的公共卫生安全问题。基于该背景，提出了以汞回收为主线的植物生态战略。

通过研究以怀卡斯河流域为主的的汞生化变化过程，从而确定了汞随着沉积物在生态系统中经历的“源，流，汇”三大节点，并采取地形拦截、植物吸收、汞收集和汞回收的策略；辅以土地恢复、森林恢复、土著本地经济振兴等多项策略。

通过地形处理及本土植物的干预，受伤的土地恢复往日的生机。未来的原住民将能够在这片土地上健康发展。

The illegal ASGM in Brazil has brought disasters to local indigenous people, including a series of problems dominated by mercury pollution in the ASGM process.Based on this, we propose an ecological strategy with mercury recovery as the main line.

We determine the ecological process of mercury in the study area, so as to determine a complete strategy of mercury interception, mercury absorption, mercury collection, and mercury recovery. This is complemented by several strategies of land restoration, forest restoration, and indigenous economic revival.

Through external interventions, the injured lands will be restored to their former vitality. In the future, the indigenous people will be able to develop healthily on the land.

​汞污染是一个全球性问题，特别是在巴西的手工金矿区，它威胁着当地居民的身体健康

​非法采矿威胁着亚诺玛米人的领士，加剧了经济、环境和土著社区之间的冲突

研究区域汞流，生物链与人类活动的关系

对分析划分出的源，流，汇三大区域分布采取不同的治理手段

矿点分布，居民分布及不同治理手段之间的平面关系

场地雨季和旱季的生态变化

“源”区域的场地治理策略

​“源”区域的场地生态变化

“流”区域的生态变化

“汇”区域的生态变化

项目详述

PROJECT DETAILS

​

1.   项目背景

自20世纪80年代以来，亚诺玛米土著土地区出现了大规模的手工淘金热。尽管自1990年以来，淘金热度大大减弱，但时至2020年，仍活跃着大量非法矿工，这给土著人带来了诸多问题：

1）手工小规模金矿开采（ASGM）导致大量汞在自然中暴露；

2）汞进入食物链，严重威胁土著人民的健康；

3）非法金矿留下的裸露地面和尾矿库导致森林面积减少、土壤侵蚀和疟疾爆发；

4）非法金矿开采带来的高利润泡沫导致亚诺玛米本土产业受到破坏。

2.   分区分析与策略

本项目以Uraricera河（waikás、palimiu和Urariquera河段）为研究区域。通过叠加分析，获得不同地点汞的暴露水平以及对森林、土地和河床的破坏程度，并相应确定ASGM的破坏程度。

1）汞源区

根据数据总结了汞源区的几种地形组合：（1）森林和土壤型：未来5至10年是形成森林基质的恢复期，以提高森林对外部干扰的抵抗力；（2）坑和尾矿库：将斜坡地形改造为梯田地形以保持水土；坑中的土壤结合了物理和化学手段来收集汞；（3）河滨尾矿库：在低流量水域建立浮岛并种植丰富的植物以吸收汞。对于高速水域，设置水下除尘装置以拦截受污染的土壤。

2）汞流动区

对汞流动区的功能设置：（1）植物修复和微生物：微生物促进植物生长，植物生长过程分离汞离子；（2）汞吸附厂址和隔离屏障区：汞吸附厂址与隔离区相结合来引导污染物，避免污染物进一步扩散；（3）植物缓冲区：设置多个植物缓冲区并调整微观地形以促进汞沉积；（4）汞和污染物回收：旱季回收积累了大量汞的植物根系，过渡期则对元素汞含量高的植物进行轮作，雨季将植物床的一部分沉入水中以吸附汞。

3）汇流区

提出了一个基于生态恢复和工业发展的平行战略：（1）中间轮作农业：选择马铃薯和玉米作为间作以满足土著人民的饮食。大部分汞积聚在玉米叶片中，可以回收利用，防止汞继续参与自然循环；（2）生物修复：建立果树-吸附汞的植物-生物（蚯蚓等）的生态结构；（3）河流修复：汞被水生植物吸附，阻止其最终进入食物链；（4）昆虫净化：通过植物吸附土壤中残留的汞，净化昆虫栖息地。

1. Project Background

A large-scale artisanal gold rush has developed in the Yanomami indigenous land area since the 1980s, and although the intensity of the rush has diminished considerably since 1990, by 2020 there are still a large number of active illegal miners, which poses multiple problems for indigenous

1） Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) leads to significant mercury exposure in nature

2）Mercury enters the food chain, causing serious health problems for indigenous people

3）Bare ground and tailings ponds left by illegal gold mines have resulted in reduced forest areas, soil erosion and malaria outbreaks

4）The high profit bubble from illegal gold mining has led to the disruption of the Yanomami industry.

2. Zoning Analysis and Strategy

The Uraricoera River (waikás, palimiu, and Uraricuera sections) was identified as the study area for this study. Through superimposed analysis, this was used to assess the level of mercury exposure and the level of damage to forests, land, and riverbeds at various locations within the study area, and to determine the ASGM damage accordingly.

1）Mercury source area: waikás

For the mercury source area, we summarized several types of topographic combinations in the mercury source area based on the data. (1) Forest and soil type: The next 5 to 10 years is the restoration period to form a forest matrix to improve the resistance of the forest to external disturbance. (2) Pits and tailings ponds: Sloping terrain is transformed into terraced terrain for soil and water conservation; soil in pits combines physical and chemical means to collect mercury. (3) Riverside tailings sites: Floating islands are set up in low-flow waters, where highly enriched plants are planted to absorb mercury. For high velocity waters, set up in-water dust removal devices to intercept contaminated soil.

2）Mercury flow area: palimiu

Our functional settings for the mercury flow area mainly focus on: (1) Phytoremediation and microorganisms: microorganisms promote plant growth and plant growth process isolates mercury ions. (2) Mercury adsorption plant sites and isolation barrier zone: mercury adsorption plant sites combined with the isolation zone to guide pollutants to avoid further spread of pollutants. (3) Plant buffers: Set up multiple plant buffers and adjust the microtopography to promote mercury deposition. (4) Mercury and pollutant recovery: In the dry season, recover plant roots that have accumulated large amounts of mercury. During the transition period, rotate plants that are highly enriched in elemental mercury. In the rainy period, sink part of the plant bed into the water depth to adsorb mercury.

3）Converage area: Uraricuera

In the converage area, we propose a parallel strategy based on ecological restoration and industrial development: (1) Intermediate rotational field agriculture: potato and maize are chosen as intercrops. To alleviate the hunger of indigenous people. At the same time, most of the mercury accumulates in corn leaves, which can be recycled to prevent mercury from continuing to participate in the natural cycle. (2) Bioremediation: build an ecological structure of fruit trees - plants that adsorb mercury - organisms (earthworms, etc.). (3) Restoration of rivers: Mercury is adsorbed by aquatic plants to stop it from eventually entering the food chain. (4) Purification of insects: By plants adsorbing residual mercury in the soil and purifying insect habitats.

评委点评

JUDGE CRITIQUE

围绕一个拥有较大集水区域、但并不具体指定的场地如何减轻汞污染进行了精彩的研究和明确的叙述。有趣的成果效果图漂亮地展示了策略的应用。该项目具有明确的策略、良好的研究和优秀的图形图表来解释过程。

Wonderful research and narrative clear processes that mitigate mercury contamination no specific site is identified but a large catchment area. interesting outcomes renderings beautifully show application of strategies. Project has a good premise and proposal. Clear strategies, good research, and excellent graphic diagrams to explain process.

奖项介绍

ABOUT LI AWARDS

美国风景园林师协会（ASLA）成立于1899年，它既是美国风景园林师专业协会，也是一个世界性的专业协会，涉及全美50个州和全世界42个国家。协会的使命是通过宣传，交流，教育等推动风景园林的发展。ASLA奖是风景园林专业中最古老和最负盛名的奖项，其中包括学生奖及专业奖，旨在通过竞赛手段对成员和公众科普应对气候变化、可持续性和复原力的，精心管理和巧妙设计的文化和自然环境。ASLA学生奖起源于2004年。目前，ASLA学生奖已作为专业判定的一个标准，而被全球广泛关注并得到一致认可。

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注：更多获奖信息详见https://www.asla.org/2023studentawards/